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About this book: 1 Samuel

First Samuel tells how Israel moved from the loose rule of the judges to a monarchy, through three men. It opens with Hannah, a childless woman who prays in anguish and gives her son Samuel back to God. Samuel grows into a prophet who hears God's voice, while the priesthood under Eli collapses and the ark of the covenant is captured. When the people demand a king like other nations, God grants it, and Saul is anointed. Saul starts well but keeps failing to obey, and God sends Samuel to anoint a shepherd boy, David, who defeats Goliath and wins the people's hearts. Saul's jealousy drives David into years as a fugitive, yet David twice refuses to harm the king. The book ends with Saul's death in battle. Its steady question is what kind of leader follows God: one who looks impressive, or one whose heart is turned toward him.

Author
Unknown; tradition links the material to Samuel, Nathan and Gad, and scholars think it was compiled later from earlier sources.
Date
Events cover roughly 1100 to 1010 BC; most scholars place the final form between the united monarchy and the exile.
Audience
Israel, including later generations asking how a king should lead under God's rule.

Themes

Answered prayerObedience over ritualGod looks at the heartLeadership and kingshipFaithful friendship

Outline

  1. 1:1–2:11Hannah's prayer and Samuel's birth
  2. 2:12–4:22Eli's house falls and the ark is taken
  3. 5:1–7:17The ark returns and Samuel leads
  4. 8:1–12:25Israel asks for a king and Saul is anointed
  5. 13:1–15:35Saul's disobedience and rejection
  6. 16:1–17:58David is anointed and faces Goliath
  7. 18:1–27:12Saul pursues David, who will not strike back
  8. 28:1–31:13The last battle and Saul's death

Key verses

About this chapterHannah, one of Elkanah's two wives, is childless and deeply grieved, provoked by her rival Peninnah. At Shiloh she prays silently and tearfully, vowing that if God gives her a son, she will give him back to the Lord for life. Eli the priest, seeing her lips move, first thinks she is drunk, then blesses her when she explains. She goes away at peace, and in time she bears Samuel. After he is weaned, she brings him to Shiloh and leaves him with Eli, saying that she has lent him to the Lord. The chapter shows honest prayer and costly gratitude.

Hannah, one of Elkanah's two wives, is childless and deeply grieved, provoked by her rival Peninnah. At Shiloh she prays silently and tearfully, vowing that if God gives her a son, she will give him back to the Lord for life. Eli the priest, seeing her lips move, first thinks she is drunk, then blesses her when she explains. She goes away at peace, and in time she bears Samuel. After he is weaned, she brings him to Shiloh and leaves him with Eli, saying that she has lent him to the Lord. The chapter shows honest prayer and costly gratitude.

Themes

  • Hannah's prayer
  • God hears the barren
  • A vow fulfilled

Key verses

Audio Bible · 1 Samuel 1

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1 Samuel 1

Berean Standard Bible28 verses · 4 min read

1Now there was a man named Elkanah who was from Ramathaim-zophim in the hill country of Ephraim. He was the son of Jeroham, the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph, an Ephraimite. 2He had two wives, one named Hannah and the other Peninnah. And Peninnah had children, but Hannah had none. 3Year after year Elkanah would go up from his city to worship and sacrifice to the LORD of Hosts at Shiloh, where Eli’s two sons, Hophni and Phinehas, were priests to the LORD. 4And whenever the day came for Elkanah to present his sacrifice, he would give portions to his wife Peninnah and to all her sons and daughters. 5But to Hannah he would give a double portion, for he loved her even though the LORD had closed her womb. 6Because the LORD had closed Hannah’s womb, her rival would provoke her viciously to taunt her. 7And this went on year after year. Whenever Hannah went up to the house of the LORD, her rival taunted her until she wept and would not eat. 8“Hannah, why are you crying?” her husband Elkanah asked. “Why won’t you eat? Why is your heart so grieved? Am I not better to you than ten sons?” 9So after they had finished eating and drinking in Shiloh, Hannah stood up. Now Eli the priest was sitting on a chair by the doorpost of the temple of the LORD. 10In her bitter distress, Hannah prayed to the LORD and wept with many tears. 11And she made a vow, saying, “O LORD of Hosts, if only You will look upon the affliction of Your maidservant and remember me, not forgetting Your maidservant but giving her a son, then I will dedicate him to the LORD all the days of his life, and no razor shall ever touch his head.” 12As Hannah kept on praying before the LORD, Eli watched her mouth. 13Hannah was praying in her heart, and though her lips were moving, her voice could not be heard. So Eli thought she was drunk 14and said to her, “How long will you be drunk? Put away your wine!” 15“No, my lord,” Hannah replied. “I am a woman troubled in spirit. I have not had any wine or strong drink, but I have poured out my soul before the LORD. 16Do not take your servant for a wicked woman, for all this time I have been praying out of the depth of my anguish and grief.” 17“Go in peace,” Eli replied, “and may the God of Israel grant the petition you have asked of Him.” 18“May your maidservant find favor with you,” said Hannah. Then she went on her way, and she began to eat, and her face was no longer downcast. 19The next morning they got up early to bow in worship before the LORD, and then they returned home to Ramah. And Elkanah had relations with his wife Hannah, and the LORD remembered her. 20So in the course of time, Hannah conceived and gave birth to a son. She named him Samuel, saying, “Because I have asked for him from the LORD.” 21Then Elkanah and all his house went up to make the annual sacrifice to the LORD and to fulfill his vow, 22but Hannah did not go. “After the boy is weaned,” she said to her husband, “I will take him to appear before the LORD and to stay there permanently.” 23“Do what you think is best,” her husband Elkanah replied, “and stay here until you have weaned him. Only may the LORD confirm His word.” So Hannah stayed and nursed her son until she had weaned him. 24Once she had weaned him, Hannah took the boy with her, along with a three-year-old bull, an ephah of flour, and a skin of wine. Though the boy was still young, she brought him to the house of the LORD at Shiloh. 25And when they had slaughtered the bull, they brought the boy to Eli. 26“Please, my lord,” said Hannah, “as surely as you live, my lord, I am the woman who stood here beside you praying to the LORD. 27I prayed for this boy, and since the LORD has granted me what I asked of Him, 28I now dedicate the boy to the LORD. For as long as he lives, he is dedicated to the LORD.” So they worshiped the LORD there.

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Verses in 1 Samuel 1

Chapters of 1 Samuel

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